![]() ![]() Research suggests that over 70% of people will experience a potentially traumatic event (such as witnessing death or serious injury, automobile accident, life-threatening illness or injury, or violent encounter) in their lifetime. ConclusionĪ clear and consistent evidence-based definition of recurrence is urgently needed before the prevalence and predictors of recurrence can be truly understood. ![]() We also found no consistent evidence regarding predictors of PTSD recurrence. Because recurrence was defined and measured in different ways across the literature, and prevalence rates were reported in numerous different ways, it was not possible to perform meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of recurrence. ![]() Results showed there is little consensus in the terminology or definitions used to refer to recurrence of PTSD. Searches identified 5,398 studies, and 35 were deemed relevant to the aims of the review. Relevant data were extracted systematically from the included studies and results are reported narratively. Reference lists of studies meeting pre-defined inclusion criteria were also hand-searched. MethodsĪ literature search of five electronic databases identified primary, quantitative studies relevant to the research aims. This systematic review aimed to synthesise existing literature to identify (i) how ‘recurrence’ of PTSD is defined in the literature (ii) the prevalence of recurrent episodes of PTSD and (iii) factors associated with recurrence. Less is known about other potential trajectories such as recurring episodes of PTSD after initial recovery, and to date there has been no estimate of what percentage of those who initially recover from PTSD later go on to experience a recurrence. A wealth of literature explores different trajectories of PTSD, focusing mostly on resilient, chronic, recovered and delayed-onset trajectories. We are based in London Paddington and Hertfordshire.Many people will experience a potentially traumatic event in their lifetime and a minority will go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The symptoms are not attributable to medication, substance use or illnessįor a PTSD assessment please contact us.The symptoms impair social function, occupation and other areas in everyday living.Acute distress disorder symptoms are experienced for longer than one month.Exaggerated startle response - being startled easily.Feeling in a hypervigilant state – feeling as if you are constantly on guard. ![]() Self-destructive, impulsive or reckless behaviour.The inability to experience positive emotions – for example happiness and loveĬriterion E – Alterations in arousal and reactivityĪt least two of the following changes in arousal and reactivity.Feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.Loss of interest in activities or interests once enjoyed.Negative trauma related emotions – for example: shame, anger, guilt or fear.Persistent or cognitive distortions in relation to blaming self or others for causing or consequences of the traumatic incident.'I am a bad person, or the world is an unsafe place'. Persistent and negative beliefs or cognitions about self, other people or the world.Dissociative amnesia – not being able to remember important aspects of the traumatic event.Avoiding external reminders of the traumatic event which can include: people, places and activitiesĬriterion D – Negative Alterations in Cognitions and Moods.Avoiding thoughts, feelings and physical symptoms which trigger memories of the traumatic event.Strong physiological reaction to reminders of the traumatic event.Psychological distress caused by cues that serve as reminders of the traumatic event.Dissociation symptoms which include flashbacks (feeling as if the traumatic event is happening again in the present moment).Traumatic dreams in relation to the traumatic event.Recurrent memories of the traumatic incident.Repeated or extreme indirect exposure to a traumatic eventĮxperience of at least one of the following symptoms.Recognition of direct or indirect exposure The categories are: Exposure to stressor, intrusion symptoms, persistent avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, alterations in arousal and reactivity, duration, functional significance or exclusion. Symptoms might be experienced in one or more category and severity of symptoms can vary in different categories. Criterion are separated into a number of different categories. The following information is based on the DSM-5 PTSD criteria. It is important to get a professional opinion regarding a PTSD diagnosis. ![]()
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